Skip to main content
Experimental Cinema
News and resources on experimental films
Enter your keywords
English
Español
Home
News
Events
General news
Releases
Brief news
Calls for entries
Continuous calls
Reviews
Wiki
Artists
Works
Calendar
Venues
Venues map
Catalogue
Books
Film & Video
Publishers
Self-published editions
Featured
Best rated
Upcoming releases
Media
Videos on the net
Your videos
Directory
Festivals map
Forum
Submit
...a piece of news
Log In
You are here
Wiki
»
Bibliography
Bibliography
Search
Show only items where
Author
any
Abrahams, Anna
Alloi, Éric
Andjel, Jaroslav
Anker, Steve
Annunziata, Gina
Anstey, Edgar
Artaud, Antonin
Avenel, Emanuel
Beaulieu, Julie
Beauvais, Yann
Bellour, Raymond
Bonet, Eugeni
Brakhage, Stan
Brakhage, Jane
Brenez, Nicole
Brewster, Ben
Britski, Jason
Broughton, James
Brunius, Jacques B.
Bullot, Érik
Burijan, Emil František
Butler, Brad
Cage, John
Cammaer, Gerda
Camper, Fred
Cane, John Du
Capek, Karel
Capek, Jožef
Cardinal, Serge
Censi, Rinaldo
Chin, Daryl
Christie, Ian
Cockburn, Daniel
Conrad, Tony
Cornell, Joseph
Cornwell, Regina
Costa, Antonio
Critchley, David
Crochetière, Michael
Currie, Hector
Curtis, David
Danino, Nina
Day, Dennis
de Mol, Paul
Deren, Maya
Di Marino, Bruno
Driessen, Hendrik
Drummond, Phillip
Drummond, Fred
Dulac, Germaine
Dunford, Mike
Dusinberre, Deke
Dwoskin, Stephen
Eatherley, Gill
Ehrenstein, David
Eisenstein, Sergei
Elwes, Catherine
Epstein, Jean
Escoffet, Eduard
Evans, Gareth
EXPORT, VALIE
Ferreira, Jairo
Forrest, Nikki
Foster, Gwendolyn Audrey
Fragapane, Giacomo Daniele
Frampton, Hollis
Francis, Richard
Frohne, Ursula
Ganguly, Suranjan
Gawthrop, Rob
Gehr, Ernie
Gibson, Gloria J.
Gidal, Peter
Giraudon, Marie-France
Glaessner, Verina
Gow, Gordon
Graveland, Mariska
Gregor, Ulrich
Hales, Chris
Hamlyn, Nicky
Hartog, Simon
Hatfield, Jackie
Haug, Kate
Hedges, Inez
Hein, Birgit
Henricks, Nelson
Herzogenrath, Wulf
Hillairet, Prosper
Hoffman, Phillip
Hollein, Max
Holmlund, Chris
Honzl, Jindžih
Horak, Jan-Christopher
Hradská, Viktoria
Ignatova, Alina
Iros, Ernst
Jacobs, Ken
Jacobs, Lewis
Jakobson, Roman
Janevski, Ana
Josephson, Gunilla
Karmen, Roman
Katz, Joel
Koch, Stephen
Kohut, Tom
Kõtting, Andrew
Krajewski, Piotr
Krarup, Helge
Kroker, Arthur
Kroker, Marilouise
Kubelka, Peter
La Porta, Andrea
Labreque, Manon
Landon, Paul
Landow, George
Langer, František
Le Grice, Malcolm
Lebrat, Christian
Leggett, Mike
Licciardello, Annamaria
Lischi, Sandra
Littman, Stephen
Long, Kent
Lopate, Philip
Lotringer, Sylvère
Lundemo, Trond
MacDonald, Scott
Maddison, John
Manovich, Lev
Manvell, Roger
McCall, Anthony
McCormick, Carlo
Meden, Jurij
Meigh-Andrews, Chris
Mekas, Jonas
Mendelson, Lois
Meneguzzo, Marco
Mercer, Kobena
Meynell, Katherine
Michelson, Annette
Mirza, Karen
Mitry, Jean
Moritz, William
Mukaržovski, Jan
Noguez, Dominique
Norrested, Carl
Ono, Yoko
Opdam, Claartje
O’Grady, Gerald
Palacio, Manuel
Palmerino, Dacia
Pansini, Mihovil
Parker, Jayne
Parolo, Lisa
Partridge, Stephen
Peče, Miha
Peternák, Miklós
Peterson, Sidney
Petzke, Ingo
Pfeffer, Susanne
Phillips, Paulette
Piccardo, Andrea
Piškur, Bojana
Poole, Susanna
Porte, Michael
Posner, Bruce
Preschl, Claudia
Price, John
Pucill, Sarah
Putyatin, Roman
Raban, William
Rabinovitz, Lauren
Ramos, Fernão
Ramsay, Benny Nemerofsky
Ravesi, Giacomo
Razlogov, Kirill
Rees, A. L.
Reeves, Daniel
Renan, Sheldon
Reynaud, Berenice
Rhodes, Lis
Richter, Hans
Rollet, Patrice
Ronduda, Łukasz
Rosenbaum, Jonathan
Roshal, Grigori
Rowe, Carel
Sargeant, Jack
Scheugl, Hans
Schlicht, Esther
Schmidt, Ernst
Schwartz, David
Senaldi, Marco
Sharits, Paul
Shishko, Olga
Šijan, Slobodan
Sitney, P.Adams
Smith, Harry
Smith, Vicky
Snow, Michael
Soban, Tamara
Stadlmayr, Andrea
Stanivuk, Ljubica
Stauffacher, Frank
Sternberg, Barbara
Streltsova, Alina
Suárez, Juan Antonio
Tartaglia, Jerry
Théberge, Jean
Thorne, Kika
Tikka, Pia
Tile, Vaclav
Toews, Ian
Trbuljak, Goran
Turim, Maureen Cheryn
Turkina, Olesya
Turković, Hrvoje
Tyler, Parker
Unger, Sabrina
Vajngart, Miloš
van Hoof, Peter
van ‘t Hart, Erwin
Vancura, Vladislav
VanDerBeek, Stan
Varda, Agnès
Vogel, Amos
Voorhuis, Nelly
Vučičević, Branko
Vuković, Stevan
Webber, Mark
Wees, William C
Weibel, Peter
Weinbren, Grahame
Welsby, Chris
Whitney, John
Whitney, James
Winston-Dixon, Wheeler
Wolf, Reva
Wyver, John
Yaroshevsky, Michael
Youngblood, Gene
Zedd, Nick
Žilnik, Želimir
Type
any
Book
Catalogue
Film Programme
Journal Article
Journal
Conference Paper
Term
any
Tags - Abel Gance
Tags - abstract film
Tags - Agnès Varda
Tags - Aldo Tambellini
Tags - Alessandro Mendini
Tags - Alex Vermeulen
Tags - Alexandre Alexeieff
Tags - American Cinema
Tags - Amos Vogel
Tags - Amy Granat
Tags - Andrea Granchi
Tags - Andreas Hamelberg
Tags - Andrew Kõtting
Tags - Andy Warhol
Tags - Angela Ricci Lucchi
Tags - Anthology Film Archives
Tags - Anthony McCall
Tags - Antifilm
Tags - Anton Giulio Bragaglia
Tags - Antonin Artaud
Tags - Arcangelo Mazzoleni
Tags - Arnaldo Ginna
Tags - Austrian Cinema
Tags - Babeth
Tags - Barbara Hammer
Tags - Barbara Meter
Tags - Barry Gerson
Tags - Bart Vegter
Tags - Basil Wright
Tags - Bastian Clevé
Tags - Bärbel Neubauer
Tags - Ben van Bussche
Tags - Birgit Hein
Tags - Black cinema
Tags - Brad Butler
Tags - Branaman
Tags - Brazilian Cinema
Tags - British Cinema
Tags - Bruce Baillie
Tags - Bruce Conner
Tags - Bruno Munari
Tags - Buckminster Fuller
Tags - cameraless film
Tags - Canadian Cinema
Tags - Carl Dreyer
Tags - Carmelo Bene
Tags - Carmen D'Avino
Tags - Carolee Schneemann
Tags - Casandra Stark
Tags - Catherine Elwes
Tags - Cavalcanti
Tags - Cécile Fontaine
Tags - Chantal Akerman
Tags - Charles Eames
Tags - Chester Kessler
Tags - Chiara Dynys
Tags - Chris Meigh-Andrews
Tags - Chris Welsby
Tags - Christine Koenigs
Tags - Christopher Maclaine
Tags - Cinema Marginal
Tags - Cinema of Transgression
Tags - Cionicarpi
Tags - Claudia Kölgen
Tags - Claudio Cintoli
Tags - Czech Cinema
Tags - Dada
Tags - Daniel Reeves
Tags - Daniel Singelenberg
Tags - Daniele Puppi
Tags - Danilo
Tags - Danish Cinema
Tags - David Critchley
Tags - David Crosswaite
Tags - David Hall
Tags - David Larcher
Tags - David Lean
Tags - David Wojnarowicz
Tags - Davide Mosconi
Tags - Dick Verdult
Tags - Dieter Roth
Tags - Dore O
Tags - Dutch Film
Tags - Dziga Vertov
Tags - Ed Emshwiller
Tags - Edward Luyken
Tags - Elisabetta Benassi
Tags - Emlen Etting
Tags - Emmanuel Lefrant
Tags - Enrico Prampolini
Tags - Eric de Kuyper
Tags - Ernie Gehr
Tags - Ernoe Metzner
Tags - expanded cinema
Tags - Experimental film history
Tags - Fabio Mauri
Tags - Female cinema
Tags - Fernand Léger
Tags - Fernando DeFilippi
Tags - Flatform
Tags - Fortunato Depero
Tags - Found footage
Tags - Francesco Di Cocco
Tags - Franco Angeli
Tags - Frans van de Staak
Tags - Frans Zwartjes
Tags - Fred Drummond
Tags - French Cinema
Tags - Gay cinema
Tags - George Barber
Tags - George Kuchar
Tags - George Landow
Tags - Ger van Elk
Tags - Germaine Dulac
Tags - German Cinema
Tags - Gianfranco Baruchello
Tags - Gianinie Luzzati
Tags - Gianluigi Toccafondo
Tags - Gianni Pettena
Tags - Gill Eatherley
Tags - Giosetta Fioroni
Tags - Grahame Tharp
Tags - Grahame Weinbren
Tags - Gredrieke Jochems
Tags - Gregory J. Markopoulos
Tags - Gruppo 70
Tags - Guy Sherwin
Tags - Hans Richter
Tags - Harry Smith
Tags - Harvard Film Archive
Tags - Heinz Emigholz
Tags - Henri Plaat
Tags - Hollis Frampton
Tags - Hungarian Cinema
Tags - Hy Hirsh
Tags - Ian Helliwell
Tags - Isidore Isou
Tags - Iván Zulueta
Tags - Jack Smith
Tags - Jackie Hatfield
Tags - Jacques Prévert
Tags - Jacques Verbeek & Karin Wiertz
Tags - James Broughton
Tags - James Seawright
Tags - James Sibley Watson
Tags - James Whitney
Tags - Jan Dibbets
Tags - Jan Ketelaars
Tags - Jan van Munster
Tags - Jane Brakhage
Tags - Javier Aguirre
Tags - Jayne Parker
Tags - Jean Epstein
Tags - Jean Painlevé
Tags - Jean Renoir
Tags - Jean Vigo
Tags - Jennifer Reeves
Tags - Jennifer West
Tags - Jeremy Welsh
Tags - Jerome Hill
Tags - Jo Ann Millet
Tags - Johan van der Keuken
Tags - John Cage
Tags - John Du Cane
Tags - John McHale
Tags - John Schofill
Tags - John Smith
Tags - John Stehura
Tags - John Whitney
Tags - John Whitney Jr.
Tags - Jonas Mekas
Tags - Jordan Belson
Tags - José Antonio Sistiaga
Tags - José Val del Omar
Tags - Joseph Cornell
Tags - Joyce Wieland
Tags - Karen Finley
Tags - Karen Mirza
Tags - Katherine Meynell
Tags - Kayla Parker
Tags - Kembra Pfahler
Tags - Ken Jacobs
Tags - Kenneth Anger
Tags - Klaus Wyborny
Tags - Knokke Experimental Film Festival
Tags - Kurt Kren
Tags - Larry Gottheim
Tags - Lawrence Jordan
Tags - Len Lye
Tags - Leonardo Carrano
Tags - Lettrist Cinema
Tags - Lewis Jacobs
Tags - Lis Rhodes
Tags - Louis Delluc
Tags - Louis Feuillade
Tags - Luca M. Patella
Tags - Luís Buñuel
Tags - Luis Recoder
Tags - Lung Leg
Tags - Lydia Lunch
Tags - Magdalo Mussio
Tags - Malcolm Le Grice
Tags - Man Ray
Tags - Marcel L'herbier
Tags - Marcelle Thirache
Tags - Marcello Piccardo
Tags - Mari Boeyen
Tags - Marie Menken
Tags - Marijn Maris
Tags - Marinus Boezem
Tags - Mario Ceroli
Tags - Mario Ferrero
Tags - Mario Schifano
Tags - materialist film
Tags - Matthijs Blonk
Tags - Mattijn Seip
Tags - Maurice Lemaître
Tags - Maya Deren
Tags - Melville Webber
Tags - Michael Snow
Tags - Michel Cardena
Tags - Michele Sambin
Tags - Mike Dunford
Tags - Mike Kuchar
Tags - Mike Leggett
Tags - Mimmo Paladino
Tags - Mimmo Rotella
Tags - Museum of the Moving Image
Tags - Nam June Paik
Tags - Nan Hoover
Tags - Nato Frasca
Tags - Nick Zedd
Tags - Nicky Hamlyn
Tags - Nina Danino
Tags - Norman McLaren
Tags - Noud Heerkens
Tags - Olga Shishko
Tags - Oskar Fischinger
Tags - Otto Piene
Tags - Paola Salerno
Tags - Paolo Gioli
Tags - Paris
Tags - Parker Tyler
Tags - Pat O'Neill
Tags - Paul de Nooijer
Tags - Paul Morrissey
Tags - Paul Rotha
Tags - Paul Sharits
Tags - Percy Smith
Tags - Pere Portabella
Tags - Peter Emanuel Goldman
Tags - Peter Gidal
Tags - Peter Kubelka
Tags - Philip Makanna
Tags - Pierre Prévert
Tags - Pierre Rovère
Tags - Pino Pascali
Tags - Pippo Oriani
Tags - Plinio Martelli
Tags - Ra Di Martino
Tags - Ralph Steiner
Tags - René Clair
Tags - Richard Kern
Tags - Rob Gawthrop
Tags - Robert
Tags - Robert Breer
Tags - Robert Florey
Tags - Robert Nelson
Tags - Roberto Lucca Taroni
Tags - Roger Hammond
Tags - Ron Rice
Tags - Ronald Nameth
Tags - Rosa Barba
Tags - Rosa Foschi
Tags - Russian Cinema
Tags - Ruud Monster
Tags - Salvatore Brancato
Tags - San Francisco Museum of Art
Tags - Sander Francken
Tags - Sara Arledge
Tags - Sarah Pucill
Tags - Schmelzdahin
Tags - Scientific Cinema
Tags - Scott Bartlett
Tags - Sergei Eisenstein
Tags - Sidney Peterson
Tags - Silvio Loffredo
Tags - Slavko Vorkapich
Tags - Spanish Cinema
Tags - Stan Brakhage
Tags - Stan VanDerBeek
Tags - Stephen Hawley
Tags - Stephen Littman
Tags - Stephen Partridge
Tags - Structural film
Tags - Studio Azzurro
Tags - Su Friedrich
Tags - Surrealism
Tags - Sylvano Bussotti
Tags - Takahiko Iimura
Tags - Tamara Krikorian
Tags - Tessa Hughes-Freeland
Tags - texts by artists
Tags - Thorsten Kirchhoff
Tags - Tina Keane
Tags - Tommy Turner
Tags - Tony Conrad
Tags - Tony Sinden
Tags - Trinh T. Minh-ha
Tags - Ugo La Pietra
Tags - Ugo Nespolo
Tags - Umberto Bignardi
Tags - Ursula Ferrara
Tags - Valentina Berardinone
Tags - Valerlo Adami
Tags - Vicky Smith
Tags - videotronic
Tags - Virgilio Marchi
Tags - Vittorio Loffredo
Tags - Walter Ruttmann
Tags - Warren Sonbert
Tags - Werner Nekes
Tags - Wierd Kramer
Tags - Wilhelm Hein
Tags - Will Hindle
Tags - Willem Veldhoven
Tags - William Raban
Tags - Wim van der Linden
Tags - Yervant Gianikian
Tags - Yoko Ono
Tags - Yugoslavian Cinema
Year
any
2013
2012
2011
2010
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2000
1995
1993
1992
1991
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1983
1982
1980
1979
1978
1977
1976
1975
1974
1973
1972
1971
1970
1968
1967
1963
1949
1947
1946
0
Keyword
any
Abel Gance
abstract film
Agnès Varda
Aldo Tambellini
Alessandro Mendini
Alex Vermeulen
Alexandre Alexeieff
American Cinema
Amy Granat
Andrea Granchi
Andreas Hamelberg
Andrew Kõtting
Andy Warhol
Angela Ricci Lucchi
Anthology Film Archives
Anthony McCall
Antifilm
Anton Giulio Bragaglia
Antonin Artaud
Arcangelo Mazzoleni
Arnaldo Ginna
Austrian Cinema
Babeth
Barbara Hammer
Barbara Meter
Barry Gerson
Bart Vegter
Basil Wright
Bastian Clevé
Bärbel Neubauer
Ben van Bussche
Birgit Hein
Black cinema
Brad Butler
Branaman
Brazilian Cinema
British Cinema
Bruce Baillie
Bruce Conner
Bruno Munari
Buckminster Fuller
cameraless film
Canadian Cinema
Carl Dreyer
Carmelo Bene
Carmen D'Avino
Carolee Schneemann
Casandra Stark
Catherine Elwes
Cavalcanti
Cécile Fontaine
Chantal Akerman
Charles Eames
Chester Kessler
Chiara Dynys
Chris Meigh-Andrews
Chris Welsby
Christine Koenigs
Christopher MacLaine
Cinema Marginal
Cinema of Transgression
Cionicarpi
Claudia Kölgen
Claudio Cintoli
Czech Cinema
Dada
Daniel Reeves
Daniel Singelenberg
Daniele Puppi
Danish Cinema
David Critchley
David Crosswaite
David Hall
David Larcher
David Lean
David Wojnarowicz
Davide Mosconi
Dick Verdult
Dieter Roth
Dore O
Dutch Film
Dziga Vertov
Ed Emshwiller
Edward Luyken
Elisabetta Benassi
Emlen Etting
Emmanuel Lefrant
Enrico Prampolini
Eric de Kuyper
Ernie Gehr
Ernoe Metzner
Expanded cinema
Experimental film history
Fabio Mauri
Female cinema
Fernand Léger
Fernando DeFilippi
Flatform
Fortunato Depero
Found footage
Francesco Di Cocco
Franco Angeli
Frans van de Staak
Frans Zwartjes
Fred Drummond
French Cinema
Gay cinema
George Barber
George Kuchar
George Landow
Ger van Elk
Gergory Markopoulos
Germaine Dulac
German Cinema
Gian
Gianfranco Baruchello
Gianinie Luzzati
Gianni Pettena
Gill Eatherley
Giosetta Fioroni
Grahame Tharp
Grahame Weinbren
Gredrieke Jochems
Gregory Markopoulos
Gruppo 70
Guy Sherwin
Hans Richter
Harry Smith
Harvard Film Archive
Heinz Emigholz
Henri Plaat
Hollis Frampton
Hungarian Cinema
Hy Hirsh
Ian Helliwell
Isidore Isou
Iván Zulueta
Jack Smith
Jackie Hatfield
Jacques Prévert
Jacques Verbeek & Karin Wiertz
James Broughton
James Seawright
James Sibley Watson
James Whitney
Jan Dibbets
Jan Ketelaars
Jan van Munster
Jane Brakhage
Javier Aguirre
Jayne Parker
Jean Epstein
Jean Painlevé
Jean Renoir
Jean Vigo
Jennifer Reeves
Jennifer West
Jeremy Welsh
Jerome Hill
Jo Ann Millet
Johan van der Keuken
John Cage
John Du Cane
John McHale
John Schofill
John Smith
John Stehura
John Whitney
John Whitney Jr.
Jonas Mekas
Jordan Belson
José Antonio Sistiaga
José Val del Omar
Joseph Cornell
Joyce Wieland
Karen Finley
Karen Mirza
Katherine Meynell
Kayla Parker
Kembra Pfahler
Ken Jacobs
Kenneth Anger
Klaus Wyborny
Knokke Experimental Film Festival
Kurt Kren
Larry Gottheim
Lawrence Jordan
Len Lye
Leonardo Carrano
Lettrist Cinema
Lewis Jacobs
Lis Rhodes
Louis Delluc
Louis Feuillade
Luca M. Patella
Luís Buñuel
Luis Recoder
Lung Leg
Lydia Lunch
Magdalo Mussio
Malcolm Le Grice
Man Ray
Marcel L'herbier
Marcelle Thirache
Marcello Piccardo
Mari Boeyen
Marie Menken
Marijn Maris
Marinus Boezem
Mario Ceroli
Mario Ferrero
Mario Schifano
materialist film
Matthijs Blonk
Mattijn Seip
Maurice Lemaître
Maya Deren
Melville Webber
Michael Snow
Michel Cardena
Michele Sambin
Mike Dunford
Mike Kuchar
Mike Leggett
Mimmo Paladino
Mimmo Rotella
Museum of the Moving Image
Nam June Paik
Nan Hoover
Nato Frasca
Nick Zedd
Nicky Hamlyn
Nina Danino
Norman McLaren
Noud Heerkens
Olga Shishko
Oskar Fischinger
Otto Piene
Paola Salerno
Paolo Gioli
Paris
Pat O'Neill
Paul de Nooijer
Paul Morrissey
Paul Rotha
Paul Sharits
Percy Smith
Pere Portabella
Peter Emanuel Goldman
Peter Gidal
Peter Kubelka
Philip Makanna
Pierre Prévert
Pierre Rovère
Pino Pascali
Pippo Oriani
Plinio Martelli
Ra Di Martino
Ralph Steiner
René Clair
Richard Kern
Rob Gawthrop
Robert
Robert Breer
Robert Florey
Robert Nelson
Roberto Lucca Taroni
Roger Hammond
Ron Rice
Ronald Nameth
Rosa Barba
Rosa Foschi
Russian Cinema
Ruud Monster
Salvatore Brancato
San Francisco Museum of Art
Sander Francken
Sara Arledge
Sarah Pucill
Schmelzdahin
Scientific Cinema
Scott Bartlett
Sergei Eisenstein
Sidney Peterson
Silvio Loffredo
Slavko Vorkapich
Spanish Cinema
Stan Brakhage
Stan VanDerBeek
Stephen Hawley
Stephen Littman
Stephen Partridge
structural film
Studio Azzurro
Su Friedrich
Surrealism
Sylvano Bussotti
Takahiko Iimura
Tamara Krikorian
Tessa Hughes-Freeland
texts by artists
Thorsten Kirchhoff
Tina Keane
Tommy Turner
Tony Conrad
Tony Sinden
Trinh T. Minh-ha
Ugo La Pietra
Ugo Nespolo
Umberto Bignardi
Ursula Ferrara
Valentina Berardinone
Valerlo Adami
Vicky Smith
videotronic
Village Voice
Virgilio Marchi
Vittorio Loffredo
Walther Ruttmann
Warren Sonbert
Werner Nekes
Wierd Kramer
Wilhelm Hein
Will Hindle
Willem Veldhoven
William Raban
Wim van der Linden
Yervant Gianikian
Yoko Ono
Yugoslavian Cinema
Export 1 results:
BibTeX
RTF
Author
Title
Type
Year
Filters:
Author
is
Michael Yaroshevsky
[Clear All Filters]
2003
Cammaer G
,
Phillips P
,
Day D
,
Labreque M
,
Cockburn D
,
Josephson G
,
Toews I
,
Landon P
,
Yaroshevsky M
,
Sternberg B
et al.
. 2003.
Placing spaces, spacing places : Canadian experimental films & videos since 1990
.
:35pp.
Google Scholar
BibTeX
RTF
Bibliography
Bibliography
Authors
Keywords
Latest entries
Das Experimentalfilm-Handbuch
(1989)
Film at Wit's End: Eight Avant-garde Filmmakers
(1989)
Cinema marginal, 1968-1973: A representação em seu limite
(1987)
Eksperimentalfilm i Danmark
(1986)
Cinema de Invenção
(1986)
Abstraction in Avant-garde Films
(1985)
Avangardni film 1895-1939